14th century

1301

Death of Rukunuddin of Bengal, succeeded by his brother Shamsuddin Firuz.

1302
In Granada, Death of Muhammad II; succession of Muhammad III.

1304
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Death of Ghazan, succession of his brother Khudabanda Ul Jaytu. In Algeria, Death of Usman, succession of his son Abu Zayan Muhammad.

1305
In the Khiljis Empire, Alauddin Khilji conquers Rajputana.

1306
In the Chughills Empire, Death of Dava, succession of his son Kunjuk.

1307
In the Marinids Empire, Assassination of the Marinid Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf; accession of Abu Thabit

1308
In the Chughills Empire, Deposition of Kunjuk, power captured by Taliku.
In Algeria, Death of Abu Zayan Muhammad, succession of his brother Abu Hamuw Musa.
In the Marinids Empire, Abu Thabit overthrown by Abu Rabeah Suleiman.

1309
In the Chughills Empire, Assassination of Taliku, accession of Kubak. In Granada, Muhammad III overthrown by his uncle Abul Juyush Nasr.

1310
In the Chughills Empire, Kubak overthrown by his brother Isan Buga.
In the Marinids Empire, Abu Rabeah Suleiman overthrown by Abu Said Usman.
In the Khiljis Empire, Alauddin conquers Deccan.

1312
In Tunisia, In Tunis Abul Baqa is overthrown by Al Lihiani.

1313
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Invasion of Syria, the Mongols repulsed. In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Toktu, accession of his
nephew Uzbeg.

1314
In Kashmir, Rainchan an adventurer from Baltistan overthrows Sinha Deva the Raja of Kashmir. Rainchan is converted to Islam and adopts the name of Sadr ud-Din.
In Granada, Abul Juyush overthrows by his nephew Abul Wahid Ismail.

1315
In Tunisia, War between Bougie and Tunis, Lihani defeated and killed. Abu Bakr becomes the ruler of Bougie and Tunis.

1316
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Death of Khudabanda Ul Jaytu, succession of Abu Said.
In the Khiljis Empire, Death of Alauddin, accession of Shahabuddin Umar, usurpation of power by Malik Kafur, a Hindu convert.

1318
In the Khiljis Empire, Assassination of Malik Kafur, deposition of Shahabuddin Umar, accession of Qutbuddin Mubarak. In the Chughills Empire, Isan Buga overthrown by Kubak.

1320
In the Khiljis Empire, Assassination of Qutbuddin Mubarak, and disruption of power by Khusro Khan a Hindu convert.  Khusro Khan overthrown by Ghazi Malik.
End of the rule of Khiljis.
In Tunisia, Abu Bakr expelled from Tunis by Abu Imran.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Ghazi Malik founds the rule of the Tughluq dynasty.

1321
In the Chughills Empire, Death of Kubak, succession of Hebbishsi who is overthrown by Dava Temur.

1322
In the Chughills Empire, Dava Temur overthrown by Tarmashirin, who is converted to Islam.
In Bengal, Death of Shamsuddin Firuz. The kingdom divided into two parts. Ghiasuddin Bahadur became the ruler of East Bengal with the capital at Sonargaon, Shahabuddin became the ruler of West Bengal with the capital at Lakhnauti.

1324
In Bengal, Shahabuddin dies and is succeeded by his brother Nasiruddin.

1325
In the Tughluqs Empire, Death of Ghazi Malik (Ghiasuddin Tughluq); accession of his son Muhammad Tughluq.
In Granada, Assassination of Abul Wahid Ismail, succession of his son Muhammad IV. Assassination of Muhammad IV. Accession of his brother Abul Hallaj Yusuf.
In Bengal, with the help of Ghiasuddin Tughluq, Nasiruddin over-throws. Ghiasuddin Bahadur and he becomes the ruler of United Bengal.

1326
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Death of Osman I in Turkey. Orhan Gazi becomes new ruler and he captures Bursa and makes it his capital.

1327
In the Ottoman (Usman) Turks Empire, The Turks capture the city of Nicaea.

1329
In the Tughluqs Empire, Muhammad Tughluq shifts the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Deccan.

1330
Emir Hussain establishes the rule of the Jalayar dynasty at Baghdad.
In Tunisia, Abu Bakr overthrows Abu Imran and the state is again united, under him.
In Bengal, Muhammad bin Tughluq reverses the policy of his father and restores Ghiasuddin Bahadur to the throne of Sonargeon.

1331
The Ottoman Turks capture Nicaea and rename it Iznik.

1332
27^th May, Ibn Khaldun is born in Tunis.

1331
In the Marinids Empire, Death of Abu Said Usman, succession of Abul Hassan. In Bengal, Annexation of Bengal by the Tughluqs.

1335
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Death of Abu Said, power captured by Arpa Koun. In the Chughills Empire, Assassination of Changshahi, accession of Burun.

1336
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Arpa defeated and killed, succeeded by Musa.
Birth of Emir Temur.
In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Amir Hussain, succession of Hassan Buzurg. In the Ottoman Turks Empire, The Turks annex the state of Karasi.
In Bengal, The Tughluq Governor at Sonargeon assassinated by armour bearer who captured power and declared his independence assuming the name of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah.

1337
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, The rule of Musa overthrown, Muhammad becomes the Sultan.  
In the Muzaffarids Empire, on the disintegration of the II Khan rule Mubarazud Din Muhammad established the rule of the Muzaffarid dynasty.
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, The Turks capture the city of Nicomedia.
Algeria is occupied by Marinids.

1338
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Muhammad is overthrown, succession of Sati Beg. Sati Beg marries Suleiman who becomes the co-ruler.

1339
In Kashmir, Death of Sadr ud-Din, throne captured by a Hindu Udyana Deva.
In Bengal, The Tughluq Governor at Lakhnauti-Qadr Khan assassinated and power is captured by the army commander-in-chief who declares his independence and assumes the title of Alauddin Ali Shah.

1340
In the Muzaffarids Empire, The Muzaffarids conquer Kirman. In the Chughills Empire, Deposition of Isun Temur, accession of Muhammad.
Battle of Rio Saldo: Alfonso XI of Castile and Alfonso IV of Portugal defeat a much larger force of Muslims from Morocco.

1341
In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Uzbeg, succession of his son Tini Beg.

1342
In the Golden Horde Empire, Tini Beg overthrown by his brother Jani Beg.

1343
In Bengal, Ilyas an officer of Alauddin murders his patron and captures the throne of West Bengal.

1344
In the Mongols II Khans Empire, Deposition of Suleiman, succession of Anusherwan.

1345
In Bengal, llyas captures East Bengal and under him Bengal is again united. He establishes his capital at Gaur.

1346
In Tunisia, Death of Abu Bakr, succession of his son Fadal.
In Kashmir, Death of Udyana Deva, throne captured by Shah Mirza who assumed the name of Shah Mir, and rounded the rule of Shah Mir dynasty.
Black Death reaches Alexandria (Egypt) and Gaza (Palestine).

1347
The Marinids capture Tunisia.
In the Bahmanids Empire, Hassan Gangu declares his independence and establishes a state in Deccan with the capital at Gulbarga.

1348
April, Black Death breaks out in Tunis.
Presence of Black Death in Cairo.

1349
In Kashmir, Death of Shah Mir, accession of his son Jamshed. In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Said Usman recapture Algeria.
Black Death reaches Mecca.

1350
In Tunisia, Deposition of Fadal, succession of his brother Abu Ishaq. In Kashmir, Jamshed overthrown by his step brother Alauddin Ali Sher.

1351
In the Marinids Empire, Death of Abul Hassan, succession of Abu Inan.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Death of Muhammad Tughluq accession of Firuz Shah Tughluq.
Black Death reaches Yemen.

1352
In Algeria, The Marinids again capture Algeria. Abu Said Usman is taken captive and killed.

1353
End of the Mongol Il Khan rule.
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, The Turks acquire the fortress of Tympa on the European side of the Hollespoint.
In the Muzaffarids Empire, The Muzaffarids conquer Shiraz and establish their capital there.

1354
In the Muzaffarids Empire, The Muzaffarids annex Isfahan.
In Granada, Assassination of Abu Hallaj Yusuf, succession of his son Muhammad V.
The Turks capture Gallipoli, creating the first permanent Turkish settlement in Europe.

1356
In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Hassan Buzurg, succession of his son Owaia.

1357
In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Jani Beg, succession of Kulpa.

1358
In the Muzaffarids Empire, Death of Mubarazuddin Muhammad; accession of Shah Shuja.
In the Marinids Empire, Assassination of Abu Inan, succession of Abu Bakr Said.
In Bengal, Death of Ilyas, succession of his son Sikandar Shah.

1359
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Death of Orkhan, succession of Murad.
In the Muzaffarids Empire, Shah Shuja deposed by his brother Shah Mahmud.
In Tunisia, Abul Abbas a nephew of Abu Ishaq revolts and establishes his rule in Bougie.
In Algeria, The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria. In the Marinids Empire, Abu Bakr Said overthrown by Abu Salim Ibrahim.
In Granada, Muhammad V loses the throne in palace revolution, succeeded by Ismail.

1360
In the Muzaffarids Empire, Death of Shah Mahmud. Shah Shuja recaptures power.
In Granada, Ismail overthrown by his brother-in-law Abu Said.

1361
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Murad I captures Edirne (Adrianpole).
In the Golden Horde Empire, Kulpa overthrown by his brother Nauroz.
In the Marinids Empire, Abu Salim Ibrahim overthrown by Abu Umar. Abu Umar overthrown by Abu Zayyan.

1362
In the Golden Horde Empire, State of anarchy. During 20 years as many as 14 rulers came to the throne and made their exit.
In Granada, Abu Said overthrown by Muhammad V who comes to rule for the second time.
In Kashmir, Death of Alauddin Ali Sher, succeeded by his brother Shahabuddin.

1365
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, The Turks defeat the Christians at the battle of Matiza, the Byzantine ruler becomes a vassal of the Turks.

1366
In the Merinids Empire, Assassination of Abu Zayyan, succession of Abu Faris Abdul Aziz.
Adrianople (Edirne) becomes the Turkish capital.

1369
Power captured by Emir Temur. End of the rule of the Chughills. Emir Temur captures power in Transoxiana.
In Tunisia, Death of Abu Ishaq. Succession of his son Abu Baqa Khalid.

1370
In Tunisia, Abu Baqa overthrown by Abul Abbas under whom the state is reunited.
In the Sarbadaran Empire, Death of Amir Masud, succession of Muhammad Temur.

1371
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Invasion of Bulgaria, Bulgarian territory up to the Balkans annexed by the Turks.

1372
In the Marinids Empire, Death of Abu Faris, succession of Abu Muhammad.

1373
The Ottoman Turks force the Byzantine Empire, now under John V Palaeologus, into vassalage.

1374
In the Merinids Empire, Abu Muhammad overthrown by Abul Abbas.

1375
In the Sarbadaran Empire, Deposition of Muhammad Temur, power captured by Shamsuddin.
In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Owais, succession by his son Hussain.
The Mamluks capture Sis in Armenia.

1376
In Kashmir, Death of Shahabuddin, succeeded by his brother Qutbuddin.

1377
In the Bahmanids Empire, Death of Muhammad Shah, succeeded by his son Mujahid.

1378
In the Bahmanids Empire, Mujahid assassinated, throne captured by his uncle Daud.

1379
Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire, Bairam Khawaja found the independent principality of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep and established his capital at Van in Armenia.

1380
In the Golden Horde Empire, Power is captured by Toktamish, a prince of the White Horde of Siberia.
In Emir Temur’s Empire, Emir Temur crosses the Oxus and conquers Khurasan and Herat. Amir Temur invades Persia and subjugates the Muzaffarids and Mazandaran.

1381
In Emir Temur’s Empire, Annexation of Seestan, capture of Qandahar.

1384
In Emir Temur’s Empire, Conquest of Astrabad, Mazandaran, Rayy and Sultaniyah. In the Muzaffarids Empire, Death of Shah Shuja, accession of his son Zainul Abdin.
In the Merinids Empire, Abul Abbas overthrown by Mustansir.

1386
In Emir Temur’s Empire, Annexation of Azerbaijan, Georgia is overrun. Subjugation of Gilan and Shirvan. Turkomans of the Black Sheep defeated.
In the Merinids Empire, Death of Mustansir, succession of Muhammad.

1387
In the Merinids Empire, Muhammad overthrown by Abul Abbas who comes to power for the second time.

1388
In Algeria, Death of Abu Hamuw II, succession of Abu Tashfin.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Death of Firuz Shah Tughluq, succeeded by his grandson Ghiasuddin Tughluq II.

1389
28^th June, Ottoman Turks defeat Serb, Bosnian and Albanian in the Battle of Kosovo.
In the Muzaffarids Empire, Death of the poet Hafiz Shirazi.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Death of Ghiasuddin Tughluq II, accession of Abu Bakr Tughluq Shah.

1390
In the Tughluqs Empire, Abu Bakr overthrow by Nasiruddin Tughluq.
In Bengal, Death of Sikandar Shah, accession of his son Ghiasud.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, The rule of the Burji Mamluks rounded by Saifuddin Barquq.

1391
In Amir Temur’s Empire, Annexation of Fars. In the Muzaffarids Empire, Annexation of the Muzaffarids by Amir Temur.
In Granada, Death of Muhammad V, succession of his son Abu Hallaj Yusuf II.

1392
In the Jalayar Empire, Death of Hussain, succession of his son Ahmad. In Granada, Death of Abu Hallaj; succession of Muhammad VI.

1393
Emir Temur defeats Tiktomish, the ruler of the Golden Horde. Capture of the Jalayar dominions by Emir Temur. In the Marinids Empire, Death of Abul Abbas; succession of Abu Faris II.

1394
Emir Temur defeats the Duke of Moscow.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Death of Nasiruddin Tughluq, accession of Alauddin Sikandar Shah.
In Kashmir, Death of Qutbuddin. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Qara Usman established the rule of the White Sheep Turkomans in Diyarbakir.

1395
In the Golden Horde Empire, Emir Temur defeated Toktamish and razes Serai to the ground.
End of the rule of the Golden Horde. Annexation of Iraq by Emir Temur.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Death of Sikandar Shah. Accession of Muhammad Shah.

1396
In the Emir Temur’s Empire, Destruction of Sarai, and of the rule of the Golden Horde.
In the Sarbadaran Empire, Principality annexed by Emir Temur.
25^th September, Battle of Nicopolis: A Crusader army of around 60,000 men and made up of from the Hungarian army of Sigismund of Luxembourg along with French, German, Polish, Italian, and English forces enter Ottoman Turkish territory and lay siege to Nicopolis in Bulgaria. Turks defeat them soundly.

1397
In the Bahmanids Empire, Death of Muhammad Khan.

1398
In the Emir Temur’s Empire, Campaign in India and conquers Delhi.
In the Merinids Empire, Death of Abu Faris II.
In the Tughluqs Empire, Invasion of Amir Timur, Mahmud Shah escapes from the capital.
In Morocco, Death of the Merinid Sultan Abu Faris II; succession of his son Abu Said Usman.

1399
In the Emir Temur’s Empire, Campaign in Iraq and Syria.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Death of Saifuddin Barquq, succession of his son Nasiruddin in Faraj.

15th century

1400

In the Burji Mamluks Empire, the Mamluks lost Syria to Amir Timur.

1401
In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Timur Qutluq, the ruler, installed by Emir Timur. Accession of Shadi Beg.
Baghdad and Damascus are conquered by Timur.

1402
20^th July, defeat of Bayazid at the battle of Ankara, taken captive by Emir Timur.

1403
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Muhammad I, the son of Bayazid ascended the throne.

1405
In the Timurids Empire, Death of Emir Timur, succession of his son Shah Rukh.

1407
In the Golden Horde Empire, Deposition of Shadi Beg, installation of Faulad Khan by the king maker Edigu.

1410
In the Golden Horde Empire, Deposition of Faulad Khan, installation of Timur.

1412
In the Golden Horde Empire, Deposition of Timur, installation of Jalaluddin.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Death of Nasiruddin Faraj, succession of Al Muayyad.

1413
In the Golden Horde Empire, Deposition of Jalaluddin, installation of Karim Bardo.

1414
In the Golden Horde Empire, Deposition of Karim Bardo, installation of Kubak Khan.

1415
August, the Portuguese attack and capture Ceuta (Morocco).

1416
In the Golden Horde Empire, Deposition of Kubak Khan, installation of Jahar Balrawi. Deposition of Jahar Balrawi, installation of Chaighray.

1419
In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Edigu, overthrow of Chaighray, power captured by Ulugh Muhammad.

1420
In the Golden Horde Empire, Ulugh Muhammad overthrown by Daulat Bairawi.

1420
Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire, Death of Qara Yusuf; succession of his son Qara Iskandar. In Morocco, Assassination of Abu Said Usman; succession of his infant son Abdul Haq.

1421
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Death of Muhammad I; accession of his son Murad II.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Death of Al Muayyad, succession of Muzaffar Ahmad. Muzaffar Ahmad overthrown by Amir Saifuddin Tata, Death of Saifuddin Tata, succession of his son Muhammad. Muhammad overthrown by Amir Barsbay.

1424
In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Daulat Bairawi, succession of Berk. In Algeria, The Halsida of Tunisia occupies Algeria.

1426
Egyptian forces take control of Cyprus.

1427
In the Golden Horde Empire, Berk overthrown by Ulugh Muhammad who captured power for the second time.

1430
In the Uzbegs Empire, Abul Khayr occupies Khawarzam.

1434
Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire, Deposition of Qara Iskandar; installation of his brother Jahan Shah. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, death of Qara Usman, succession of his son Ali Beg.
In Tunisia, Death of Abul Faris after a rule of forty years, succession of his son Abu Abdullah Muhammad.

1435
In Tunisia, Deposition of Abu Abdullah Muhammad, power captured by Abu Umar Usman.

1437
Portugal attacks Tangier (Morocco) but fails to take the city.

1438
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Death of Barsbay, accession of his minor son Jamaluddin Yusuf; Yusuf overthrown and power captured by the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuk. Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Ali Beg overthrown by his brother Hamza.

1439
In the Golden Horde Empire, Ulugh Muhammad withdrew from Sarai and found the principality of Qazan. Said Ahmad came to power in Sarai.

1440
Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Hamza overthrown by Jahangir a son of Ali Beg.

1441
In the Golden Horde Empire, Crimea seceded from Sarai.

1444
10^th November, Battle of Varna: A Turkish army under Sultan Murad II defeats Polish and Hungarian Crusaders.

1446
In the Timurids Empire, death of Shah Rukh, succession of Ulugh Beg. In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Second battle of Kossova resulting in the victory of the Turks. Serbia annexed to Turkey and Bosnia became its vassal.

1447
In the Golden Horde Empire, Astra Khan seceded from Sarai.

1448
7^th October, Battle of Kosovo: John Hunyadi leads Hungarian forces but is defeated by the Turks.

1449
In the Uzbegs Empire, Abul Khayr captures Farghana. In the Timurids Empire, Death of Ulugh Beg, succession of Abdul Latif.

1450
In the Timurids Empire, Assassination of Abdul Latif, accession of Abu Said.

1451
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Death of Murad II; accession of his son Muhammad II.

1453
2^nd April – 29^th May, fall of Constantinople under the Turks. Thus bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Death of Gakmuk. Succession of his son Fakhruddin Usman. Usman overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Inal.

1454
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Attack against Wallachia, Wallachia became a vassal state of Turkey.

1455
15^th May, Pope Callistus III proclaims a crusade against the Turks in order to recapture the city of Constantinople but this had very little effect.

1456
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Annexation of Serbia.
Athens (Greece) is captured by the Turks.

1460
Morea is conquered by Mehmed II (Ottoman Empire).

1461
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Death of Saifuddin Inal, succession of his son Shahabuddin Ahmad. Shahabuddin Ahmad overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Khushqadam.

1462
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Annexation of Albania.

1463
Ottoman army conquers Bosnia.

1465
In the Golden Horde Empire, Death of Said Ahmad, succession of his son Khan Ahmad.
In Morocco, Assassination of Abdul Haq. End of the Merinid rule.

1469
In the Timurids Empire, Death of Abu Said, disintegration of the Timurid state. In Khurasan Hussain Baygara came to power and he ruled during the remaining years of the fifteenth century.

1471
Portugal seizes Tangiers from Morocco.

1472
In Morocco, Sharif Muhammad al Jati overthrown by the Wattisid chief Muhammad al Shaikh who establishes the rule of the Wattisid dynasty.

1473
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, War against Persia; Persians defeated.

1475
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Annexation of Crimea. War against Venice. Turkey became the master of the Aegean Sea.

1478
In Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Death of Uzun Hasan, succession of his son Khalil.

1479
Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Khalil overthrown by his uncle Yaqub.

1480
August, Mehmed II Conqueror sends a fleet commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha westward. It captures the Italian port city of Otranto. Further incursions into Italy ends with the death of Mehmed and fighting among his sons over the leadership of the Ottoman Empire. 

1481
In the Golden Horde Empire, Said Ahmad I1 overthrown by his brother Murtada. In the Ottoman Turks Empire, Death of Mehmed II, accession of Bayazid II.

1487
7^th May, Siege of Malaga started by Christian forces.
18^th August, fall of Malaga.

1488
In the Uzbegs Empire, Death of Haider Sultan, succession of his nephew Shaybani Khan. In Tunisia, Death of Abu Umar Usman after a rule of 52 years, succession of Abu Zikriya Yahya.

1489
In Tunisia, Abu Zikriya Yahya overthrown by Abul Mumin.

1490
In Tunisia, Abul Mumin overthrown, power recaptured by Abu Yahya.

1491
25^th November, treaty of Granada signed between Abu-Adbullah and Christian monarchs.

1492
2^nd January, fall of Granada.

1493
Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Death of Yaqub. Accession of his son Bayangir.

1495
Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Bayangir is overthown by his cousin Rustam.

1496
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Abdication of Qait Bay, succession of his son Nasir Muhammad.

1497
Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, Rustam overthrown by Ahmad. Anarchy and fragmentation.

1498
In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Deposition of Nasir Muhammad, power captured by Zahir Kanauh.

1499
In the Uzbegs Empire, Shayhani Khan conquered Transoxiana.
In the Ottoman Turks Empire, The Turks defeated the Venetian fleet in the battle of Lepanto.
Francisco Jime’nez forces the mass conversion of Moors in Spain despite the earlier agreement of Ferdinand and Isabella that Muslims would be allowed to keep their religion and their mosques.