16th century

1500

In the Burji Mamluks Empire Zahir Kanauh is overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.

Moors in Granada revolt over the forced conversions but were suppressed by force by Ferdinand of Aragon.

1501

Ismail I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia and Shiaism become the state religion.

1507
The Portuguese under d’Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.

1508
Turkomans of the White Sheep Empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safavids.

1511
D’Albuquerque conquers Malacca from the Muslims.

1514
23^rd August, Ismail I of Safavid Persia is defeated by Selim I, bringing East Anatolia under the Turkish rule in the Battle of Chaldiran.

1517
22^nd January, The Ottoman Sultan Selim defeats the Mamluks of Egypt, bringing an end to Mamluk Dynasity.
May, The Holy League is created. A union of several European powers, it is a Christian fighting force designed to combat the growing threat of Turkish expansion.

1520
The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent begins.

1521
Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the Magnificent capture the Hungarian town of Sabac.

1522
21^st December, Turkish capture island of Rhodes.

1526
21^st April, First Battle of Panipat in India. It was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi. Babur wins the battle.
29^th August, The battle of Mohacs between Ottomans and Hungary. Hungarian forces are badly defeated.

1528
A Moroccan slave known as Estevanico of Azamor becomes the first documented North American Muslim, working on behalf of Spanish explorers.
The Ottomans take Buda in Hungary.

1529
Turkish cavalry arrive at the Bavarian town of Regensburg. This is the farthest West that Turkish forces ever reach.
27^th September – 14^th October, first siege of Vienna. Turkish army lifts the siege due to bad weather.

1530
26^th December, Death of Babur in India.

1533
Death of Abu-Abdullah (Muhammad XII) in Fes, the last king of Granada.

1541
Budapest captured by Suleiman I, followed by conquest of a significant portion of Hungary.

1547
Hungary divided between Suleiman I and Ferdinand I of Austria by agreement.

1543
11^th July, Hamayun is defeated by Sher Shah Suri in India.

1550
The architect Sinan builds the Suleymaniye mosque in Istanbul.

1556
17^th January, Death of Humayun in India.
5^th November, Second battle of Panipat between Akbar (Mughals) and Hemu.
The death of Suleiman the Magnificent.

1565
23^rd June, the Maltese fort of St. Elmo falls to Turkish forces.

1566
5^th September, Death of Suleiman “the Magnificent,” sultan of the Ottoman Empire
6^th September, Battle of Szigetvar, the Hungarians lose to Turkish forces.

1568
25^th December, Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.

1569
October, Philip II of Austria orders his half-brother, Don Juan of Austria, to quell a Morisco uprising in Alpujarras with a “war of fire and blood.”

1571
7^th October, The Battle of Lepento, where Ottomans are defeated by Holy League.
Akbar (Mughal Empire) builds his new palace of Fatehpur Sikri close to the shrine of a Sufi saint.

1578
4^th August, The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.

1588
Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.

1591
Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.

17th century

1600

Sind annexed by the Mughals, end of Arghun rule in Sind.

1601
Khandesh annexed by the Mughals.

1603
Battle of Urmiyah. Turks suffer defeat. Persia occupies Tabriz, Mesopotamia. Mosul and Diyarbakir. 22^nd December, Death of Muhammad III, Sultan of Turkey, accession of Ahmad I.

1604
In Indonesia death of Alauddin Rayat Shah, Sultan of Acheh, accession of Ali Rayat Shah III.

1605
27^th October, Death of the Mughal emperor Akbar; accession of Jahangir.

1607
Annexation of Ahmadnagar by the Mughals.

1609
Annexation of Bidar by the Mughals.
Ahmed I, (Ottoman Empire) orders the construction of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque.

1611
Kuch Behar subjugated by the Mughals.

1612
Kamrup annexed by the Mughals.

1617
22^nd November, Death of Ahmad I, Sultan of Turkey, accession of Mustafa; Deposition of Mustafa: accession of Usman II.

1618
Tipperah annexed by the Mughals.

1619
Battle of Chotin, Osman II (Ottoman Empire) is defeated by Jan Chodikiewicz (Poland).

1620
In Turkey deposition of Mustafa, accession of Usman II.

1622
22^nd May, Death of Osman II.

1623
In Turkey Mustafa recaptured power.

1625
In Turkey deposition of Mustafa, accession of Murad IV.

1627
Death of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, accession of Shah Jahan.

1628
Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I comes to an end.

1629
In Persia death of Shah Abbas; accession of grandson Safi.

1631
Death of Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and the lady of Taj Mahal, Agra.
Construction of Taj Mahal (Arga – India) started.

1637
Death of Iskandar Muda in Indonesia; accession of Iskandar II.

1639
17^th May, Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin (or Treaty of Zuhab) ends about 150 years of war against Ottoman Empire.

1640
Death of Usman Sultan Murad IV. Accession of his brother Ibrahim.

1641
Turks capture Azov. In Indonesia death of Iskandar II; accession of the Queen Tajul Alam.

1642
In Persia death of Shah Safi, accession of Shah Abbas II.

1645
Turkish attack on island of Crete.

1648
August, In Turkey Ibrahim deposed; accession of Muhammad IV.

1653
Construction of Taj Mahal Agra (India) completed.

1656
26^th June, Battle of the Dardanelles, Ottoman navy is defeated Venice and Malta.
Muhammad Kuiprilli becomes the Grand Minister in Turkey.

1658
Deposition of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, accession of Aurangzeb.

1661
Death of Muhammad Kuiprilli, accession of his son Ahmad Kuiprilli.

1667
Death of Shah Abbas II; accession of Shah Suleiman.

1669
Crete is captured by the Turks.

1671
Construction of Badshahi Mosque in Lahore (Pakistan) started.

1672
The Ottoman Turks launch a war against Poland, defeating the armies under John Sobieski.

1673
Construction of Badshahi Mosque of Lahore is completed.

1675
Execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur. In Indonesia death of the queen Tajul Alam, accession of the queen Nur ul Alam.

1676
Death of the Grand Wazir of Turkey Ahmad Kuiprilli, succession by Kara Mustafa.

1678
In Indonesia death of the queen Nur ul Alam, accession of the queen Inayat Zakia.

1680
Death of Marhatta chieftain Shivaji.

1682
Assam annexed by the Mughals. Aurangzeb shifts the capital to Aurangabad in the Deccan.

1683
14^th July, Siege of Vinna begun by the Turks.
12^th September, The Turks lift the siege of Vienna and retreat. Kara Mustafa the Grand Wazir executed for the failure of the expedition.

1686
Annexation of Bijapur by the Mughals.

1687
Golkunda annexed by the Mughals.
Deposition of Muhammad IV (Ottoman Empire), Accession of Suleiman II.

1688
In Indonesia death of Queen Inayat Zakia, accession of the queen Kamalah.

1690
Death of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman II, accession of Ahmad II.

1692
Death of the Turk Sultan Ahmad II, accession of Mustafa II.

1694
In Persia death of Shah Safi, accession of Shah Hussain.

1695
Death of Ahmed II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He is succeeded by Mustafa II.

1697
11^th September, Battle of Zenta, Ottoman Empire is defeated by Hungary and The Holy League.

1699
26^th January, Peace Treaty of Karlowitz: Signed between the Hapsburgs of Austria and the Ottoman Turks, the Turks surrender Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia to the Hapsburgs, Morea in Greece to the Venetian Republic, and Moldavia to Poland.

18th century

1700

Murshid Quli Khan declares the independence of Bengal and establishes his capital at Murshidabad.

13th July, Treaty of Constantinople; Ottoman Turks surrender Azov to Russians.

1703
Sultan Mustafa II is forced to abdicate andAhmad 11I becomes the Ottoman Sultan.
21^st February, Birth of Shah Wali Ullah (Delhi – India).
Birth of the Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab.

1707
3^rd March, Death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, accession of his son Bahadur Shah.

1711
7^th July, War between Turkey and Russia. Russia is defeated at the battle of Pruth.

1712
27^th February, Death of the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah, accession of Jahandar Shah.

1713
11^th February, Jahandar Shah overthrown by his nephew Farrukh Siyar.

1718
In the war against Austria, Turkey suffers defeat. By the treaty of Passarowich Turkey loses Hungary.

1719
28^th February, Deposition of the Mughal emperor Farrukh Siyar Muhammad Shah ascends the throne.
13^th June, Rafi Ul-Darjaat is murdered after only three months on thrown. Syeds appoint Rafi Ul-Dualla on thrown.
19^th September, Rafi UL-Duala is murdered and is replaced by his brother Muhammad Shah.

1722
Saadat Khan found the independent state of Oudh.
Battle of Gulnabad between the Afghans and the Persians. The Persians were defeated.

1730
Zanzibar freed from Portuguese rule and occupied by Oreart.

1736
Nadir Shah deposes the last Safavid ruler and founds the short-lived Afsharid dynasty.

1739
13^th February, Nader Shah of Persia invades India.

1747
Ahmad Shah Durrani established Afghan rule in Afghanistan.

1752
Death of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, writer of Sassi Pannu, Sohni Mahinwal and Umer Marvo.

1752
Ahmed Shah Durrani captured Punjab, Kashmir and Sind.

1761
Death of Shah Wali Ullah Dehlavi.

1761
Battle of Panipat. Ahmad Shah Durrani came to India at the invitation of Shah Wali Ullah Dehlavi and smashed rising Maratha power in the battle of Panipat.

1764
Conversion to Islam of Areadi Gaya. Ruler of Futa Bandu State in West Sudan.
23^rd October, battle of Buxor, where British army defeats Mughal army.

1773
Death of Ahmad Shah Durrani.

1777
Morocco becomes the first country to accept America’s independence from the Britain.

1783
End of Kalhora rule in Sind.

1797
Death of Muhammad Khan Qachar, king of Persia.

1797
Russia occupies Dagestan.

1798
2^nd July, Napoleon occupied Alexandria in Egypt. (AFI)
25^th July, Napoleon occupied Cairo. (AFI)

1799
Ranjit Singh declared himself Maharajah of Punjab defeating Afghans.

1799
Khoqand declared independent Islamic State.