19th century

1801

First Barbary War; Thomas Jefferson orders the bombing of Algiers, Morocco, Tunis and Tripoli.

1803
Shah Abdul Aziz ibn Saud assassinated by a Shia fanatic. Shah Shuja proclaimed as King of Afghanistan.

1805
Ibn Saud captured Medina defeating the Turk garrison.

1804
Usman Dan Fodio established Islamic State of Sokoto in Central Sudan.

1805
Faraizi movement launched in Bengal. Muhammad Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt by the Turks.

1806
Khanate of Khiva came into limelight under the rule of Muhammad Rahim Khan.
19^th November, Shah Alam II of India dies and is succeeded by Akbar Shah II.

1807
Kabakçi rebellion resulting in dethronement of Selim III.

1811
Birth of Ali Muhammad Bab founder of Bab movement.

1813
Mecca and Taif captured by Egyptian forces and Saudis expelled from Hejaz.

1814
Iran executed treaty of alliance with the British known as Definitive Treaty.
Death of Ibn Saud II.

1816
British withdrew from Indonesia restoring it to the Dutch.

1821
Beginning of the Greek War of Independence.

1822
Death of Maulay Ismail in Morocco.

1827
Malaya became a preserve of the British rule.

1828
Russia declared war against Turkey.

1829
Treaty of Adrianople.

1830
French forces land near Algiers and occupy Algeria ending 313 years rule of Turks.

1831
Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail leaders of Jihad movement in India fell fighting the Sikhs in Balakot.

1832
Turks defeated in the battle of Konia by Egyptian forces.

1834
Abdul Qadir recognised as ruler of the area under his control by the French.

1837
28^th September, Akbar Shah II dies and Bahadur Shah II becomes new emperor.

1839
British forces occupy Eden in Yemen.

First Anglo Afghan war (1839-1842). The British fail to achieve their goal.

1840
Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria.

1841
State of Adamawa established by Adams adjacent to Nigeria.

1842
Amir Abdul Qadir ousted from Algeria by the French. Crosses over to Morocco.
Shah Shuja assassinated ending the Durrani rule in Afghanistan.

1845
12^th August, Birth of Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (also known as Mahdi Sudanese).

1847
Amir Abdul Qadir surrendered to France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France.

1849
Death of Muhammad Ali pasha.

1850
Ali Muhammad Bab arrested and executed by Iranian government. Qurratul Ain Tabira, a renowned poetess and staunch advocate of Babism also shot dead.

1852
Release of Emir Abdul Qadir by Napoleon III. He settled in Turkey.

1853
Crimean War.

1855
Khiva annexed by Russia.

1857
British captured Delhi and eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of 1000 years of Muslim rule over India.

1859
Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces and the Islamic State of Dagestan became a Russian province.
25^th April, Construction of Suez Canal (Egypt) begins.

1860
Maulay Muhammad (Morocco) defeated by Spain.

1861
Death of Sultan Abdul-Majid of Turkey.

1862
Faraizi movement fizzled out after the death of Dadu Miyan.

1869
November, Construction of Suez Canal (Egypt) is completed.

1865
Khoqand State liquidated by Russia.

1868
Russia conquers Samarkand and Bukhara in Uzbekistan.

1869
Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from Afghanistan. He proceeded to Egypt.

1871
Tunisia recognised suzerainty of Turkey through a Firman.

1876
Britain purchased shares of Khediv Ismail in the Suez Canal and got involved in Egyptian affairs.
25^th December, Birth of Muhammad Ali Jinnah (India – Pakistan).

1878
Turkey handed over Cyprus to Britain.
Adrianople fell to Russia.
Second Anglo Afghan War (1878-1880).

1879
Jamaluddin Afghani exiled from Egypt.
Treaty of Berlin, Turkey loses 4/5 of its territory in Europe.

1881
France invaded Tunisia and the Bey acknowledged supremacy of France as a result of the treaty of Bardo.
Muhammad Ahmad declared himself Mahdi in northern Sudan.
Battle of Geok Tepe, after defeat Russia occupies Turkmenistan.

1882
Egypt comes under British military occupation.

1883
Death of Amir Abdul Qadir in Damascus.

1885
Muhammad Ahmad declared free Government of Sudan under his rule.
22^nd June, Death of Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (also known as Mahdi Sudanese).

1895
Afghanistan got Wakhan corridor by an understanding with Russia and British India making Afghan border touch China.

1895
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed prophethood.

1897
State of Bagirimi occupied by the French.

1899
Fall of Mahdi State occupied by the British and the Egyptians jointly.

20th century

1901

Ibn Saud (abd al-Aziz) captures Riyadh.

French forces occupy Morocco.

1904
Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Conference of Algeciras.

1906
16^th January, Algeciras Conference in Spain; France and Spain get the go-ahead to police Moroccan ports and collect customs fees.

Muslim League founded as forum for Indian Muslim separation.

1907
The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey.

1908
Second Constitutional Era, Annexation of Bosnia to Austria-Hungary.
5^th October, Bulgarian Independence from Ottoman Empire.
The first oil well is drilled in the Middle East (Iran).

1911
Italy seizes Libya from Ottoman Empire.

1912
The beginning of the Muhammadiyyah reform movement in Indonesia.
Morocco becomes a French protectorate under the Treaty of Fez.

1914
28^th July, Beginning of World War I.

1916
Arab revolt against Ottoman rule. Lawrence of Arabia leads Arab attacks on the Hejaz Railway.

1918
30^th October, Armistice signed with Ottomans.
11^th November, World War I ends.

1920
July, French forces Occupy Syria.

1921
Abd Allah bin Husayn in made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca.

1922
Mustafa Kamal abolishes the Turkish Sultanate.

1924
The Turkish Caliphate is abolished.
King Abd al-Aziz conquers Mecca and Medina, which leads to the unification of the Kingdoms of Najd and Hejaz.

1925
Reza Khan seizes the government in Persia and establishes the Pahlavi dynasty.

1926
Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) assumes title of King of Najd and Hejaz.

1927
Death of Zaghlul, an Egyptian nationalist leader.

1928
Turkey is declared a secular state.
Hassan al-Banna founds the Muslim Brotherhood.

1931
14^th September, Omar Al-Mukhta (Libya) is executed by Italian forces.

1932
Iraq is granted independence by League of Nations.

1934
War between King Abd al-Aziz and Imam Yahya of the Yemen.
Peace treaty of Ta’if.

1935
Iran becomes the official name of Persia.

1936
Increased Jewish immigration provokes widespread Arab-Jewish fighting in Palestine.

1938
President Ataturk (Turkey) dies, succeeded by Ismet Inonu.

1939
1^st September, Second World War begins.

1941
British and Russian forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favour of his son Mohammad Reza Shah in Iran.

1943
Beginning of Zionist terrorist campaign in Palestine.
Lebanon declared its independence.

1945
2^nd September, End of World War II.

1946
25^th May, The United Nations recognizes Jordan as an independent sovereign kingdom.

1947
14^th August, Creation of Pakistan from Muslim Majority area in India.

1948
Creation of state of Israel.
11^th September, Death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.

1949
Hassan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood is assassinated.

1951
Libya becomes independent.

1952
King Farooq of Egypt forced to abdicate.

1953
General Zahedi leads coup against Musaddeq, Shah returns to power.
Coup leader Muhammad Najib becomes president as Egypt is declared a republic.
Death of King Abd al-Aziz (Ibn Saud) of Saudi Arabia.

1954
Fellow coup leader Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes prime minister and in 1956 president, ruling unchallenged until his death in 1970.
British forces leave Egypt.

1956
Morocco becomes independent.
20^th March, Tunisia becomes independent.
October, Tripartite Invasion of Egypt by Britain, France and Israel due to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal.

1957
The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes president.
British troops leave Jordan.

1958
February, Egypt and Syria join to form the United Arab Republic (UAR) in the first step of their aim for Arab unity.

1960
9^th January, Construction of Swan Dam in Egypt begins.
June, Mali wins freedom from France.

1961
Syria withdraws from the union with Egypt but Egypt remains known as the UAR.

1962
3^rd July, Algeria wins independence from France.

1965
Malcolm X is assassinated.
September, War between India and Pakistan.

1967
June, Six-Day War in which Israel defeats forces of Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Israel takes control of Sinai, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem and the West Bank.

1968
The enlargement of the Haram in Mecca is completed.

1969
September, King Idris of Libya is ousted by a coup led by Colonel Gaddafi.

1970
September, Nasser dies and is replaced by his Vice-President, Anwar al-Sadat.
21^st July, Construction of Swan Dam in Egypt is completed (Inaugurated in January 1971).

1971
East Pakistan attempts to secede, leading to civil war. India starts war in support of East Pakistan which eventually breaks away to become Bangladesh.

1973
King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is overthrown.
October, Egypt and Syria go to war with Israel.

1974
Turkey invades Northern Cyprus.

1975
Death of Elijah Mohammad, leader of Nation of Islam among African Americans in North America.
June, The Suez Canal is re-opened; it had been closed since the 1967 war.

1978
Imam Musa Sadr is apparently assassinated after he disappears on a trip to Libya. He was the religious leader of the Lebanese Twelve-Imam Shiites.

September, Camp David Accords for peace between Israel and Egypt is signed.

1979
15^th January, Shah leaves Iran, thus bringing the Pahlavi dynasty to an end.
1^st February, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, returns to Iran following 14 years of exile in Iraq and France for opposing the regime.
March, the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel is signed. Egypt is then condemned by other Arab nations and excluded from the Arab League.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan is hanged.
24^th December, Russian forces invade Afghanistan.

1980
22^nd September, Beginning of the Iran-Iraq war.

1981
6^th October, Anwar al-Sadat is assassinated by Jihad members.

1982
6^th June, Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

1987
Turkey applies for EEC (European Union) membership.

1988

3rd July, American warship shots down Iranian civilian plane killing 290 people on board.

20th July, war between Iran and Iraq comes to an end.

August, General Zia of Pakistan dies in an air crash.

1989
15^th February, Russian forces withdraw from Afghanistan after failing to achieve its goal.
3^rd June, Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran dies.
Egypt re-joins Arab League.

1990
Military annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, under Ba’athist leader Saddam Hussain, is reversed in 1991 by a coalition of United States-led forces.
June, A major earthquake in Iran kills nearly 40,000 people.

1993
Tansu Ciller becomes Turkey’s first woman prime minister, and Demirel elected president.

1996
27^th September, Taliban enter Kabul after a long battle.

1998
Pakistan conducts its own nuclear tests after India explodes several nuclear devices.

1999
May, Pakistan-backed forces clash with the Indian military in the icy heights around Kargil in Indian-held Kashmir.
October, Hosni Mubarak of Egypt begins his fourth term in office.
October, General Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan seizes power in coup.